Biology Darwinius Masillae Course Paper

Biology Darwinius Masillae Course Paper

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Biology Darwinius Masillae Course Paper

Introduction: Darwinius masillae

The Discovery

On May 19, 2009, a team led by paleontologist Jørn Hurum of the Natural History Museum in Oslo Norway announced a significant new fossil discovery to the world.  Nicknamed “Ida” after Hurum’s daughter, the team argued that the fossil was a type specimen, the individual fossil used to describe a species new to science (also called a holotype).

The team named the new species Darwinius masillae, because the discovery was made in the 200th anniversary year of Charles Darwin’s birth.

Ida was not a typical fossil discovery.  The specimen had actually been discovered by a private collector much earlier, in 1983, near Messel Germany.  Her remains had been split into two separate slabs, which remained separate until 2000.

The collector kept the main part (known as “Slab A”), while the second part (“Slab B”) was sold to the Wyoming Dinosaur Center in the United States.  The two slabs are shown here:

The Fossil

The parts of skeleton B that are outside of the dashed lines were fabricated so the fossil would look complete when it was displayed. This is normal for fossil casts (replicas) but is not normally done with real fossils unless they are relatively worthless.

In spite of the Plate B fabrication, Ida is a remarkable and very important fossil for two reasons: how complete the specimen is and the fossil’s antiquity.  With 95% of the skeleton, she represents one of the most complete fossils of her age ever found. Better preservation of a more complete fossil always gives scientists more information– so this is really important.

Ida’s remains are so well preserved because of the way she became fossilized (her taphonomy).  She was found near an ancient volcanic lake called a maar that was formed by an explosion when hot magma underneath the earth’s surface came in contact with a water table.

The lake had no rivers feeding into it, so it had very little oxygen, which you may remember from our Explorations reading is a condition that creates exceptional preservation potential for fossils.  She is so well preserved that her last meal (fruit) was preserved and fossilized in her gut.

How old is Ida?  She comes from the Eocene epoch (55-34 mya) and is dated to 47 million years old, meaning she existed early in primate evolution.  Her fossil was dated by taking a core sample from the volcanic rocks in the Messel pit that formed the lake.

Ida is small, with her tail she measures about 23 inches (58 centimeters) long and her body is only 9 inches long and as you can see, her legs are longer than her arms, suggesting that leaping was a normal mode of locomotion for her.  This hypothesis is based on analogy (comparison with the skeletal structures of living species).

Likewise, comparison to living primates’ dentition supports the evidence from her stomach contents and suggests she was a frugivore.  Her large eye orbits probably indicate a nocturnal life style.  Scientists assigned her sex as female based on the fact that she had no baculum, the male penile bone found in primates (though not in humans), and other skeletal features.

Several other important traits are also very clear: Ida has five digits on her hands and feet, long fingers and toes and nails instead of claws on all of her digits. Importantly, she has fully opposable thumbs and toes on her hands and feet. She also had unerupted molars pushing out her baby teeth, so she was a juvenile, perhaps about 9 months of age.

Finally, her cause of death is unknown, but it is clear she has a broken wrist.  One possible scenario is that her broken wrist prevented her from climbing in trees and being closer to the ground may have caused her to be exposed to gasses from the lake, which could have caused her to lose consciousness and drown.

Ida’s Taxonomic Significance

Where does Ida belong in the early primate family tree?  How does her discovery change our understanding of this period in evolutionary history? The discovery of Darwinius masillae has had important significance for our understanding of early primate evolution.

In addition to analogy (comparison to living species), the fossil record is also interpreted using comparison to the existing fossil record.  The first thing to do with a fossil discovery like Ida is to determine which living taxa she is affiliated with.  Many of her characteristics support that Ida is a primate (her limb structure, skull features, dentition, grasping hands, opposable digits) and there is no scientific debate on this point.

Once her general placement in primates is secure, the next question is which living primates does she resembles most closely.  Ida is missing several key characteristics that are found among living lemurs and lorises.  For example, Ida lacks a dental comb and doesn’t have a grooming claw on her hands and feet– both of these are traits found in living lemur species, as you learned in the last module.

She also has a shorter snout than living lemurs and a tarsus (an ankle bone– the bone that tarsiers get their name from) that appears more like haplorhines than lemurs or lorises. Along with her highly opposable thumbs (again, more associated with living monkeys), these traits have led some to interpret Ida as a potential ancestor for the living haplorhines.

Ida’s discoverers argued that her fossil may represent a transition from more primitive strepsirrhine ancestors to the haplorhine lineage (Franzen et al 2009).  Once a fossil discovery is published and interpreted by its discoverers, their claims are evaluated and responded to by scholars with relevant expertise.

It is quite normal for discussion and debate to occur around taxonomic assignment of a new species, especially when a new species is monotypic (there is only a single specimen that assignment is based on).

In a 2009 article coauthored with Hurum, Franzen et al argue that the ancient primate group adapiforms that many scholars identify as likely ancestral to living strepsirrhines, should instead be seen as a transitional group between haplorhines and strepsirrhines (Franzen et al 2009).

Stony Brook University scholar Eric Seiffert and colleagues disagree with these interpretations,arguing that Franzen and his colleagues analyzed too few traits in their paper. Seffert and colleagues examined 360 morphological traits across 117 species of extant and extinct primates, and argue that Ida is more closely related to living lemurs and lorises, but should be put on a side branch, along with another recently discovered 37 mya primate, Afradapis (Seiffert et al 2009).

According to Seiffert’s analysis, the similarities between Ida and living haplorhines are not because they are ancestral to them, but rather due to convergent evolution, where organisms not closely related evolve similar characteristics due to occupying similar environmental niches. This is a phylogenetic tree representing Seiffert’s interpretation:

Another critical assessment of Franzen et al was offered by Williams et al (2010), who also assert that Darwinius is better seen as basal (meaning a group that gave rise to a later lineage) to strepsirrhines and not haplorhines, as the discoverers claimed.

Darwinius’ discoverer Jørn Hurum has said he is open to the possibility that Ida is on the strepsirrhine side of our primate family, but like so many taxonomic debates this one may never actually get resolved.

Additional evidence is critical but given the ancient time frame, this evidence will be not be easy to come by and new discoveries, precious as they are, will no doubt complicate the picture further even as our understanding of the evolutionary past improves. Evolution is complicated and a better sample of fossils usually leads us in that direction!

Sources

DARWINIUS. (N.D.).  IN WIKIPEDIA. RETRIEVED MARCH 27, 2020. HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/DARWINIUS (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)

Franzen, J. L.; Gingerich, P. D.; Habersetzer, J.; Hurum, J. H.; Von Koenigswald, W.; Smith, B. H. (2009). J., Hawks (ed.). Complete primate skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: morphology and paleobiology (Links to an external site.). PLoS ONE. 4 (5): e5723.

Schons, Mary. 2011. Who Was Ida?  October 24. National Geographic.  https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/who-was-ida/ (Links to an external site.)

Seiffert, Erik R.; Jonathan M. G. Perry; Elwyn L. Simons; Doug M. Boyer (22 October 2009). “Convergent evolution of anthropoid-like adaptations in Eocene adapiform primates”. Nature. Nature Publishing Group. 461 (7267): 1118–1121. Bibcode (Links to an external site.):2009Natur.461.1118S. doi (Links to an external site.):10.1038/nature08429. PMID (Links to an external site.) 19847263.

Williams, Blythe A., Richard F. Kay, E. Christopher Kirk, and Callum F. Ross. 2010. Darwinius masillae Is a European Middle Eocene stem Strepsirrhine—a reply to Franzen et al. Journal of Human Evolution 59: 567–573.

Assignment

As you learned in your Explorations reading this week, fossils are historically the most important line of evidence about our distant past, but they can be extremely difficult to find.  Important fossil discoveries like Ida still make headlines in magazines and newspapers for good reason. As the fossil record grows, so too does our understanding of the past and important new discoveries can rewrite our understanding of the evolutionary past.

For this assignment, you are to find an important fossil discovery that paleontologists or paleoanthropologists have made after the year 2000. Your fossil must be a hominin. Hominins are defined as species regarded as human, directly ancestral to humans, or very closely related to humans.

Generally speaking, hominins are bipedal (walk on two legs).  You can think of the story of Darwinius massilae above as a model for your assignment, though note that Darwiniius is not a hominin. I was also trying to illustrate some important concepts for this module, so you do not need to be quite as thorough as I was.

Start by googling important fossil discoveries and find one you think is interesting and important.  Remember, your fossil must be a hominin and it must have been discovered since the year 2000.  After you have chosen a fossil discovery, cover the following in a minimum of 800 words:

The fossil’s scientific name and popular name (if it has one)

A short account of the discovery (when, where, by whom, etc.)

A description of the fossil remains, including the techniques used to date it

A photo of the fossil specimen(s)

A description of the important traits the fossil shows and their relationship to the fossil record and living species

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE DISCOVERY ON OUR KNOWLEDGE OF EVOLUTION (INCLUDING DISCUSSION AND DEBATE ABOUT THE FOSSIL’S TAXONOMIC PLACE)

An image of a phylogeny/family tree showing where (at least some) scholars have placed your fossil discovery

A list of your sources (not included in the word total)

Biology Darwinius Masillae Course Paper

RUBRIC QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately.  Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples.  The answer is complete. 50 points:  The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples.  No aspects of the required answer are missing. 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And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points:  Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented.  APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors.  There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points:  Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented.  APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20:  The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors  10 points out 20:  The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20:  The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points:  The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements.  The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper.
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