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Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
Lecture Notes
Welcome to Lesson 8! You’ve arrived at the last lesson for your course in introductory psychology. Get ready to order in pizza to celebrate your noteworthy achievement. Meanwhile, let’s begin.
In your next-to-last lesson, based on Chapter 15, you received an overview of the various kinds of mental disorders, and the ways of arriving at an accurate diagnosis. In this lesson you’ll
get some valuable insight into the different kinds of therapies. Basically that means differentiating biological approaches to mental disorders from the various kinds of psychotherapy. The
latter includes psychodynamic theories, mainly attributed to the work of Sigmund Freud, behavioral therapies largely derived from the work of B. F. Skinner, and cognitive, humanist, and
existential therapies.
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
The Biological Perspective
The essential assumption in biological approaches to mental disorders is simply stated. Mental disorders originate in physiological disorders. And since it seems that the brain is the
“organ” of the mind, mental illness must, logically, originate directly or indirectly in brain functions—or dysfunctions. That’s the underlying assumption in most biological approaches to
mental disorders and, as a result, as explained in your text, the most common treatment for all kinds of mental disorders amounts to the administration of a wide range of drugs. These
include antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anti-anxiety drugs (tranquilizers). These drugs attempt to increase or decrease the balance of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and
serotonin and, in the case of anxiety, increase the activity of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
The trouble is, just as people are different, so are the actual effects of any particular drug. For example, the anti-anxiety drug Prozac (not specifically mentioned in your text) was once
touted as a sort of miracle drug. And in fact it seemed to work pretty well for some people. However, quite frequently, Prozac produced such levels of agitation that patients had to
discontinue the use of the drug. Other drug cautions include the unknown side effects of particular drugs over time, disregard for possibly more effective drug-free therapy, and
sometimes disconcerting relationships between the medical establishment and the pharmaceutical industry.
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
Beyond the use of drugs, biological researchers and physicians have also adopted techniques for directly impacting brain functioning. The most controversial of these techniques,
called prefrontal lobotomy, employed surgical procedures that effectively disconnected the prefrontal lobe neural pathways to the rest of the brain. The procedure rapidly fell from favor as
it became evident that the procedure rendered the subjects apathetic, withdrawn, and incapable of caring for themselves. A less damaging, but a still controversial procedure,
is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Used for treating depression, the procedure often wipes out recent memories and may leave patients disoriented. Further, the symptoms of depression
often return with a few weeks.
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
An alternative technique for treating depression, called transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), involves the use of a pulsing magnetic coil to stimulate the left prefrontal cortex. That’s a
part of the brain that tends to be relatively inactive in people suffering from depression. TMS tends to have fewer side effects than does ECT.
The Psychodynamic Perspective
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
It’s fair to say that the advent of modern psychology began with Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). His therapeutic system, psychoanalysis, emphasizes unconscious influences that impact a
person’s mental health. Practitioners who adopt some version of psychoanalysis focus on repressed events of early childhood. Clinical techniques aim at helping patients recover
repressed memories buried in the subject’s unconscious. Freudian psychoanalysis involves many sessions, often over a period of years. For that reason alone, for all but the well-to-do,
classical psychoanalysis isn’t a realistic option.
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
The ideas of both Freud and his reluctant heir, Carl Jung, have had a significant impact on Western culture. Simply from watching TV dramas, many of us are aware of the Freudian
term transference. We know that the term refers to a tendency to transfer one’s feelings about a key childhood player to the therapist. Thus, a woman may transfer her feelings about a
beloved father to the therapist. Some people speak of “Freudian slips” or “anal personalities” without having any real understanding of psychoanalysis. Or they may use the terms
“introvert and extravert” without knowing those terms come from the analytical psychology of Carl Jung.
Behavioral and Cognitive Perspectives
Behaviorism began with the work of a Russian researcher, Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936). You may have read about how he trained dogs to salivate at the sound of a tuning fork. The process
amounted to repeatedly associating feeding time with the sound of the tuning fork until, at last, the dog would salivate simply from hearing the tuning fork. Thus, that sound became
a conditioned stimulus that evoked a conditioned response, i.e., salivation. In America, psychologist John Watson left academia, founded an ad agency, and adopted the principles of
classical conditioning to advertising. As a student of psychology, you can learn to spot, for example, the way attractive stimuli (sunsets, happy children, cute dogs) are associated with
products.
While classical conditioning set the stage for behaviorism in general, practical approaches for behavior modification came into full flower with the operant conditioning concepts
developed by B. F. Skinner. As you’ll learn in your text, behavior therapies have been helpful through the use of specific techniques. For example, let’s say that John H. has a deep-seated
fear of spiders. Through gradual exposure, step by step, John may finally get to the point where he can hold a harmless spider in his hand. Another technique may apply for a person who
is terrified of enclosed spaces. The subject may be placed inside a metal cage to come face to face with his inner demon. That rather dramatic technique is called flooding.
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
Other helpful behavioral techniques may include coaching the subject to recognize his or her self-defeating behaviors. Yet another technique can involve skills training. For example, Sally
B. dreads public speaking. To help her gain more confidence she may be guided to reading sources and exercises that address the various symptoms of stage fright.
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
The concepts of cognitive therapy follow from a psychological fact. Namely, both our behaviors and our ways of thinking are mainly patterns of habit. So we can be guided to recognize
our negative and positive thought habits. For example, we can realize that we habitually embrace negative thoughts about our prospective future. To address that habit, we can learn to
adopt more accurate and realistic thought habits. Put another way, especially in the context of depression, clients can learn techniques for abandoning irrational or unrealistic thinking in
favor of rational and realistic thinking that can empower them.
Humanist and Existential Perspectives
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
Today, clinical psychologists are generally inclined to apply a “whatever works” philosophy. In that regard, especially during the 1960s, a number of clinical psychologists rejected
psychodynamic and behavioral therapies in favor of humanist and nondirective client-centered therapies. The latter was based on the work of Carl Rogers. However, at the heart of all the
existential approaches is a focus on the here and now. In the humanist perspective, the essence of getting to that here and now is, in effect, helping clients become the “best that they can
be.” In the perspective of Roger’s client-centered therapies, the therapeutic alliance is characterized by true concern, warmth, and empathy.
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
Family and group therapies are related to existential therapies. A key idea here is that individual sentiments, behaviors, and thought habits can only be understood as we identify the
dynamics of a family or close-knit group. The therapeutic objective is helping family members better understand their influences on one another. So, in effect, we recognize that we can’t
grasp an individual’s hurts and anxieties without identifying the interactive influences of family or group members.
Evaluating the Schools of Psychotherapy
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
The wrap-up of Chapter 16 provides you a very helpful guide to how specific therapies are either helpful or not helpful. You should read this section very carefully. As you do, you’ll come to
understand what your text calls the scientist-practitioner gap. That gap identifies the different perspectives of research scientists and clinical practitioners. The former worry that many
kinds of psychotherapies can’t be adequately evaluated using the scientific method. The latter argue that the processes and outcomes of a specific psychotherapy can only be seen as
qualities or productive patterns that emerge in the context of a therapeutic alliance.
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
Good luck with your lesson and congratulations on completing your course.
Introduction to Psychology Discussion Assignment
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. 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Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper.
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